The Holy Quran English translation of the meanings and Commentary By Ustaz Abdullah Yusuf Ali

• Ustaz Abdullah Yusuf Ali

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THE HOLY QUR'AN
English translation of the meanings and Commentary
Page :02
HOLY
QURKN
THE HOLY QURAN
THE HOLY QUR'AN
Page :03
233AY Surat 6:
The Cattle-(Contd.)
CONTENTS
(bio) to diog
PAGES
Allah's loving care encompasses us; it is His protection we should seek, and
not that of anyone else
Text and Notes, 6:61-82
Revelation in all ages; Quran a blessing and confirmation; Signs of Allah
in the daily pageants of Nature
Text and Notes, 6:83-110
Part 8
Rebels against Allah are deceived and deceive each other: let us trust in Allah Text and Notes, 6:111-129
CONTENTS
Surat 4:
Part 6
The Women-(Contd.)
Justice to women and orphans and to all: be true and considerate
Text and Notes, 4:127-147
Text and Notes, 4:148-152
Where the People of the Book went wrong: Revelation continued
in the Quran
Text and Notes, 4:153-176
Surat 5:
1-20-8 to bus 125T
Degrees in good and evil deeds: avoid superstition and excess
2
Text and Notes, 6:130-150
Allah's commands are not irrational taboos, but based on moral law Text and Notes, 6:151-165
Surat 7:
سورة الأعراف .The Heights
266
Revelation should case difficulties of heart and mind: arrogance and excess at the rool of evil
Text and Notes, 7:1-31
Allah has forbidden evil: all good is for man's enjoyment: Righteous to live in peace and fulfilment of all Hope
δει
Text and Notes, 7:32-58
Noah, Hud, Salih, Lot, and Shu'aib: how their wholesome warning was rejected, to the detriment of the rejecters
bH
Text and Notes, 7:59-87
Part 9
Text and Notes, 7:88-89
Moses had to fight alien arrogance as well as rebellion among his own
people, like the final Messenger whom he prefigured
Text and Notes, 7:100-157
vbute abuloni binoda
The Prophet's Revelation supersededthe older Law to bas T
Text and Notes, 7:158-171
The inborn good in man is strengthened by constant reminders from Allah; fua
if sin has it respite, it is only for a term; Judgment must come;
so draw near to Allah, in humility and reverence
Text and Notes, 7:172-206 bilnem dull i man and to be dis
Surat: 8:
The Spoils of War.
سورة الأنفال
05-1:01 2010 bis 1xoT
318
asto bas izs
The Fight is not for Spoils or gain, but for the Cause
Text and Notes, 8:1-19
xiv
سورة المائدة The Table Spread
PAGES
187
Obligations and duties, human and divine, are sacred and interconnected:
laws of food and social intercourse
Text and Notes, 5:1-5
Cleanliness and purity; justice and right conduct; trust in Allah
Text and Notes, 5:6-11
How Allah's grace was withdrawn for falsity to trust and rebellion against truth Text and Notes, 5:12-26
Jealousy of Cain against Abel led to murder: crimes against individuals and communities
Text and Notes, 5:27-43
Justice above men's selfish desires: be not afraid to proclaim the truth of
Allah keep away from evil, but recognise the sincere and the humble.
even if not of your flock
Text and Notes, 5:44-82
Part 7
Text and Notes, 5:83-86
Avoid excess, rash vows, drinking, gambling, and superstition Text and Notes, 5:87-108
Vasqmoo Miracles of Jesus, but he claimed no divinity Text and Notes, 5:109-117
Surat 6:
The Cattle.
سورة الأنعام
Allah reigns in heaven and on earth; there is a Hereafter
Text and Notes, 6:1-30
Life of this world is empty: what is serious is the Hereafter, Allah holds the keys of the Unseen
Text and Notes, 6:31-60
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PART 1 ll
The Opener
Verses
NO
Al-Fatihah
1
PART 1
ترتيبها
سورة الفاتحة
اياتها
In the name of Allah, Most oder ho
Gracious, Most Merciful.2
(2) Praise be to Allah The Cherisher
and Sustainer of the Worlds:
3 Most Gracious. Most Merciful;
Master of the Day of Judgment.
حمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِب
Jon og orlw bas din ton el (
الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ )
الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
مَلِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
Aby
TROCUDCTION AND BER
HAIidast blow ald
RODUCTION AND SUMMARY SU
1. By universal consent it is rightly placed at the beginning of the Qur'an, as summing up, in marvellously terse and comprehensive words, man's relation to Allah in contemplation and prayer. In our spiritual contemplation the first words should be those of praise. If the praise is from our inmost being, it brings us closer to Allah. Then our eyes see all good, peace, and harmony. Evil, rebellion, and conflict are purged out. They do not exist for us, for our eyes are lifted up above them in praise. Then we see Allah's attributes better (verses 2-4). This leads us to the altitude of worship and acknowledgment (verse 5). And finally comes prayer for guidance, and a contemplation of what guidance means (verses 6-7).
Allah needs no praise, for He is above all praise; He needs no petition, for He knows our needs better than we do ourselves; and His bounties are open without asking, to the righteous and the sinner alike. The prayer is primarily for our own spiritual education, consolation, and confirmation.
That is why the words in this Sūra are given to us in the form in which we should utter them.
2. The Arabic words "Rahman" and "Rahim" translated "Most Gracious" and "Most Merciful" are both intensive forms referring to different aspects of Allah's attribute of Mercy. The Arabic intensive is more suited to express Allah's attributes than the superlative degree in English. The latter implies a comparison with other beings, or with other times or places, while there is no being like unto Allah. Mercy may imply pity, long-suffering, patience, and forgiveness, all of which the sinner needs and Allah Most Merciful bestows in abundant measure. But there is a Mercy that goes before even the need arises, the Grace which is ever watchful, and flows from Allah Most Gracious to all His creatures, protecting them, preserving them, guiding them, and leading them to clear light and higher life. od sea asign Opinion is divided whether the Bismillah should be numbered as a separate verse or not. It is unanimously agreed that it is a part of the Qur'an in Sura An-Naml. Therefore it is better to give it an independent number in the first Sura. For subsequent Suras it is treated as an introduction or head-line, and therefore not numbered. 3. The Arabic word Rabb, usually translated Lord, has also the meaning of cherishing. sustaining, bringing to
maturity. Allah cares for all the worlds He has created.
moito-basribo
anoiasqua amizad5bd
INTRODUCTION
Makkah Sü 1891 branonte
INTRODUCTION AND SU
O vloн or bulano nonotong bas bloide one mo
INTRODUCTION AND
This very brief early Mal (Abundance) the doctrine follows ledulgence
INTROD
This
soother
AND SUM
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PART 18
The Light
Verses
An-Nur
64
سورة النور
سورة النور
مِ اللهِ الرَّحمن الرّح
سورة أنزلتها وَفَرَضْنَهَا وَأَنزَلْنَافِيهَا ايَنَتٍ بَيِّنَتٍ لَّعَلَّكُمْ
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
A Sura which We Have sent down and 2036 Which We have ordained: In it have We sent down Clear Signs, in order that Ye may receive admonition.
الرابِيَةُ وَالزَّانِي فَاجْلِدُوا كُلَّ وَحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِائَةَ جَلْدَةٍ وَلَا The woman and the man Guilty 2
تأخذكم بِهِمَا رَأْفَةٌ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ
الاخر وَلْيَشْهَدْ عَذَابَهُمَا طَائِفَةٌ مِّنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ )
الرانِ لا يَنكِحُ إِلَّا زَانِيَةً أَوْ مُشْرِكَةً وَالزَّانِيَةُ لَا يَنكِحُهَا
إِلَّازَانٍ أَوْ مُشْرِكُ وَحُرِّمَ ذَلِكَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ )
PART 18 l
of fornication,-97 Flog each of them. with a hundred stripes:2938 Let not compassion move you In their case, in a matter Prescribed by Allah, if ye believe In Allah and the Last Day: And let a party of the Believers Witness their punishment.2
2939
3 The adulterer cannot have Sexual relations with any but an Adulteress or an idolatress, and the adulteress, none can have Sexual relations with her but an Adulterer or an idolater; To the Believers such a thing is forbidden.2940
2936. It must not be thought that the checking of sex offences or of minor improprieties, that relate to sex or privacy, are matters that do not affect spiritual life in the highest degree. These matters are intimately connected with spiritual teaching such as Allah has sent down in this Sura. The emphasis is on "We" these things are not mere matters of convenience, but Allah has ordained them for our observance in life. 2937. Zina includes sexual intercourse between a man and a woman not married to each other. It therefore applies both to adultery (which implies that one or both of the parties are married to a person or persons other than the ones concerned) and to fornication, which, in its strict signification, implies that both parties are unmarried. The law of marriage and divorce is made easy in Islam, so that there may be the less temptation for intercourse outside the well-defined incidents of marriage. This makes for greater self-respect for both man and woman. Other sex offences are also punishable, this Section applies strictly to Zind as above defined. Although zinti covers both fornication and adultery, in the opinion of Muslim jurists, the punishment laid down here applies only to un-married persons. As for married persons, their punishment, according to the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be on him), is stoning to death.
2938. Cf. iv. 15, and n. 506.
2939. The punishment should be open in order to be deterrent.
2940. Islam commands sex purity, for men and for women, at all times.-before marriage, during marriage, and after the dissolution of marriage. Those guilty of illicit practices are shut out of the marriage circle of
chaste men and women.
683
The Believers
115 "Did ye then think That We had created you In jest, and that ye Would not be brought back To Us (for
account)?"933
116 Therefore exalted be Allah, the/2. King, the Reality: There is no god but y He, the Lord of the Throne of Honour! 117) If anyone invokes, besides Allah,
Any other god, he has No authority thereof, and his reckoning will be Only with his Lord!2934 And verily the Unbelievers. Shall not prosper2935 118) So say: "O my Lord! Grant Thou
forgiveness and mercy! For Thou art the Best of those who show mercy!"
سورة المومنون
أَفَحَسِبْتُمْ أَنَّمَا خَلَقْنَكُمْ عَبَثًا وَأَنَّكُمْ إِلَيْنَا لا تُرْجَعُونَ )
فَتَعَلَى اللَّهُ الْمَلِكُ الْحَقُّ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَرَبُّ الْعَرْشِ الْكَرِيمِ
وَمَن يَدْعُ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَيْهَاءَ أَخَرَ لَا بُرْهَانَ لَهُ بِهِ ، فَإِنَّمَا حِسَابُهُ عِندَ رَبِّهِ إِنَّهُ لَا يُفْلِحُ الْكَفِرُونَ
وَقُل رَّبِّ اغْفِرْ وَارْحَمْ وَأَنتَ خَيْرُ الرَّحِمِينَ )
2933. Allah's Creation is not without a high serious purpose. It is not vain, or for mere play or sport. As far as man is concerned, the highest issues for him hang on his behaviour in this life. "Life is real, life is earnest, And the grave is not its goal", as Longfellow truly says. We must therefore earnestly search out Allah's Truth, encouraged by the fact that Allah's Truth is also, out of His unbounded mercy, searching us out and trying to reach us.
2934. Not with any one else whatever, as Allah is the Eternal Reality. If men, out of the figments of their imagination, fancy other gods, they will be rudely undeceived. And Allah is Lord, i.e., our Cherisher as well as our Creator. In spite of all our shortcomings and our rebellions, He will forgive us if we go to Him
not on our merits but on His grace.
2935. See the same word used in describing the contrast with the Believers, in the first verse of this Sura. Righteousness must win and all opposition to it must fail. Thus the circle of the argument is completed.
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PART 25 2ll
سورة الزخرون
KAK. ALÁTAKE,
وَعِندَهُ عِلْمُ السَّاعَةِ وَإِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ )
Ornaments of Gold
A hul besed is Here To whom fists,
belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth, and all between them: With Him is the knowledge of the Hour (of Judgment): And to Him shall
ve Be brought back.
86 And those whom they invoke
Besides Allah have
no power of
intercession ;-only he4666 Who bears witness to the Truth, and with full knowledge.ill the (punishment)
وَلَا يَمْلِكُ الَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِهِ الشَّفَعَةَ
إلَّا مَن شَهِدَ بِالْحَقِّ وَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ )
سورة الدخان
سورة الدخان
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
وَالْكِتَابِ الْمُبِينِ )
وَلَن سَأَلْتَهُم مَّنْ خَلَقَهُمْ لَيَقُولُنَّ اللَّهُ فَأَنَّ f thou ask them why say, Aland )
يُؤْفَكُونَ )
وَقِيلِهِ، يَشْرَبَ إِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ قَوْمٌ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ )
فَأَصْفَح عَنْهُمْ وَقُلْ سَلَمُ فَسَوْفَ يَعْلَمُونَ )
them, they will Certainly Allah: how Then are they deluded Away (from the Truth)?
Have been
(Allah has knowledge) 4668 of the (Prophet's) cry, "O my Lord! Truly These are a people Who believe not!"4669
89 But turn away from them, and say "Peace!"4670 But soon shall they know!
for Truth
one
101
إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَهُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ مُّبَرَكَةً إِنَّا كُنَّا مُنذِرِينَ ) فهَا يُفْرَقُ كُلُّ أَمْرٍ حَكِيم )
The Smoke
Ad-Dukhan
NO:
Verses
1 Ha Mim.
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
2 By the Book that Makes things clear;-
3 We sent it down During a blessed night: For We (ever) wish To warn (against Evil).
In that (night) is made Distinct every affair of wisdom, 4674
5 By command, from Us. For We (ever) Send (revelations),
As a Mercy From thy Lord; for He
hears and knows 675 (All things);
7 The Lord of the heavens and the
Have an assured faith.4676
C ad rot uorit
To bail s dro sldkeis
أَمْرَ مِنْ عِندِنَا إِنَّا كُنَّا مُرْسِلِينَ )
رَحْمَةً مِّن رَّبِّكَ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ )
رَبِّ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا إِن كُنتُم (earth and all between them, if ye (out
مُوقِنِينَ )
4671. These Abbreviated Letters are discussed in the Introduction to S. xl.
4672. The Qur'an is its own evidence. In the last Sura (xliii. 3) stress was laid on the fact that everyone could understand it. Here the stress is on the fact that it is a Message of Mercy from Allah in that warns mankind against evil.
4673. Usually taken to be a night in the month of Ramadhan, say the 23rd, 25th, or 27th night of that month. It is referred to as the Night of Power in xcvii. 1-2. See also ii. 185. But perhaps we need not fix it literally by the calendar. The night that a Message descends from Allah is indeed a blessed night like a day of rain for a parched land. Such an occnd
4674.
a
an occasion is one on which divine Wisdom places before us through Revelation the solution of spiritual problems of the highest import to mankind.
4675. It is because Allah is the friend of the friendless and the help of the helpless that He hears all sincere ayers, and as His knowledge embraces all things, He grants to us whatever is best for us, not as we see it, but as He knows it in His perfect knowledge.
4676. Cf. ii. 4. They cannot fully realise what a tremendous thing it is that Allah is their own Lord and Cherisher (nex verse), as He is the Lord and Cherisher of the whole Universe, until they firmly believe,-until their
Faith amounts to a certainty, secure and unshakable.
1023
de good lives we had fed on earth deeds
here links on with the last words in the last y
4665. We glorify Allah, and we call His name blessed, because He has not only supreme power and authority, but because we shall return to Him and see "the Light of His Countenance" (xxx. 38).
4666. While idols and false gods have no power of intercession, persons like Jesus, who is falsely worshipped by his misguided followers, but who himself preached the Gospel of Unity with full understanding will have the power of intercession.
4667. Cf. xxxi. 25, and n. 3596; and xxxix. 38, and n. 4282.
4668. Commentators are divided in opinion as to the construction. The best opinion is that which I have adopted, referring back qilihi as a genitive governed by 'ilm in verse 85.
1669. The Prophet was much troubled in mind by the Unfaith of the Quraish: xviii. 6. He is here told to leave them alone for a time, for the Truth must soon prevail.
4670. Cf. xxv. 63, and n. 3106.
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PART 25 l
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PART 30 il
The Traducer
Verses
Al-Humazah
سورة الهمزة
رتيبها
سورة الهمزة
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Woe to every (kind of) scandal-
monger and backbiter,
by.
Who pileth up wealth and layeth it
Thinking that his wealth would make him last for ever!
By no means! He will be sure to be thrown into that which Breaks to Pieces,
And what will explain to thee That which Breaks to Pieces?
(It is) the Fire of Allah kindled (to a
blaze).
وَيْلٌ لِكُلِّ هُمَزَةٍ ثُمَرَةٍ )
الَّذِي جَمَعَ مَا لَا وَعَدَدَهُ )
يَحْسَبُ أَنَّ مَا لَهُ أَخَلَدَهُ )
كَلَّا لَيُنبَذَنَّ فِي الْحُطَمَةِ )
وَمَا أَدْرَكَ مَا الْحُطَمَةُ ) نَارُ اللَّهِ الْمُوقَدَةُ ) الَّتِي تَطَّلِعُ عَلَى الْأَنْعِدَون
Toole dtiw
The which doth mount (right) to the Hearts:25
ne xil mont
The Declining Day
Nay, were ye to know with certainty of mind,622 (Ye would beware!)
Ye shall certainly see Hell-fire!
7 Again, ye shall see it with certainty
of sight!
Then, shall ye be Questioned that Day about the joy244 (Ye indulged in!)
Verses
E
Al-Asr
NO:
103
سورة العصر
كَلَّا لَوْ تَعْلَمُونَ عِلْمَ الْيَقِينِ )
لَتَرُونَ الْجَحِيمَ )
ثُمَّ لَتَرُونَهَا عَيْنَ الْيَقِينِ ) ثُمَّ لَتُسْلُنَ يَومَيذِ عَنِ النَّعِي
سورة العصر
اياتها
مِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِي
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
By the time, 6245
2 Verily Man is in loss,6246
وَالْعَصْرِ )
إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ لَفِي خُسْرٍ
إِلَّا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّلِحَتِ Except such as have Faith and 0
وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ )
6246. If life be considered under the metaphor of a business bargain, man, by merely attending to his material gains, will lose. When he makes up his day's account in the afternoon, it will show a loss. It will only show profit if he has Faith. leads a good life, and contributes to social welfare by directing and encouraging other people on the Path of Truth and Constancy.
6247. Faith is his amour. which wards off the wounds of the material world; and his righteous life is his positive contribution to spiritual ascent.
6248. If he lived only for himself. he would not fulfil his whole duty. Whatever good he has. especially in moral and spiritual life,
unshaken
within.
it in patient hope and uns must spread among his brethren, so that they may see the Truth and stand by will then have attained Peacetancy amidst all the storm and stress of outer life. For he and they 6249. Three vices are here condemned in the strongest terms: (1) scandal-mongering, talking or suggesting evil of men or women by word or innuendo, or behavior, or mimicry, or sarcasm, or insult; (2) detracting from their character behind their backs, even if the things suggested are true, where the motive is evil; (3) piling e and service to those who need it, but in miserly hoards, as if such hoards can prolong the miser's life or give him immortality: miserliness is itself a kind of scandal.
g up wealth, not t
6250. Hutama: that which smashes or breaks to pieces: an apt description of the three anti-social vices condemned. For scandal-mongering and backbiting make any sort of cohesion or mutual confidence impossible; and the miser's hoards up the channels of economic service and charity, and the circulation 6251. The Fire of Punishment mounts right up to the hearts and minds of such men, and shuts them out of the love of their fellows. "Hearts" in Arabic means not only the seat of affection, pity, charity, etc., but also
of good-will among men.
of understanding and intelligent appreciation of things.
1331
do righteous deeds,6247 and (join together)6248 in the mutual enjoining of Truth, and of Patience and Constancy.
6242. Three kinds of yaqin (certainty of knowledge) are described in n. 5656 to lxix. 51. The first is certainty of mind or inference mentioned here: we hear from someone. or we infer from something we know: this refers to our own state of mind. If we instruct our minds in this way, we should value the deeper things of life better. and not waste all our time in ephemeral things. But if we do not use our reasoning faculties now, we shall yet see with our own eyes. the Penalty for our sins. It will be certainty of sight. We shall see Hell. See next verse. But the absolute certainty of assured Truth is that described in Ixix. 51. That is not liable to any human error or psychological defects. 6243. See xix. 71-72. and n. 2501.
6244. We shall be questioned. i.e., we shall be held responsible for every kind of joy we indulge in-whether it was false pride or delight in things of no value, or things evil, or the enjoyment of things legitimate.-the see whether we kept this within reasonable bounds.
last,
n. 254 to ii:
6245.Al-Asr may mean: (1) Time through the Ages, or long periods, in which case it comes near to the abstract idea of Time. Dahr, (2) or the late afternoon, from which the 'Asr canonical prayer takes its name (see i: 238). An appeal is made to Time as one of the creations of Allah, of which everyone knows something but of which no one can fully explain the exact significance. Time searches out and destroys everything material. No one is secular literature has expressed the tyranny of "never-resting Time" better than Shakespeare in his Sonnets. For example, see Sonnets 5 ("never-resting Time"). 12 ("Nothing gainst Time's scythe can make defence"), and 64 ("When I have seen by Time's fell hand defaced The rich proud cost of outworn buried age"). If we merely run a race against Time, we shall lose. It is the spiritual part of us that conquers Time. See verse 3 below. For the "afternoon" idea see next note.
1330
الجزء 30 PART
Page : 08
bo I ads
APPENDIX 1.
The Abbreviated Letters (Al-Muqatta'at)
Several conjectures have been made as to their meaning. Opinions are divided as to the exact Certain Suras have (certain) initials prefixed to them, called "the Abbreviated letters."" meaning of each particular letter or combination of letters, and it is agreed that only Allah knows their exact meaning. Their presence is not inconsistent with the character of the Quran as a "plain book." The book of nature is also a plain book, but how few can fully understand it? Everyone can get out of the Quran plain guidance for his life according to his capacity for spiritual understanding As his capacity grows, so will his understanding grow. The whole Book is a Record for all time. It must necessarily contain meanings that only gradually unfold themselves to humanity. This is not a mystery of the same class as "mysteries" by which we are asked to believe against the dictates of reason. If we are asked to believe that one is three and three is one, we can give no intelligible meaning to the words. If we are asked to believe that certain initials have a meaning which will be understood in the fullness of time, we are asked to draw upon Faith, but we are not asked to do any violence to our reason. I shall try to discuss some of the probable meanings of any particular abbreviated letters or set of abbreviated letters on the first occasion on which it appears in the Quran. But it may be desirable here to take a general view of the facts of their occurrence to help us appreciate the various views held about them. There are 29 letters in the Arabic alphabet (counting hamza and alif as two letters) and there are 29 Suras that have abbreviated letters prefixed to them One of these Suras (S. xli.) has two sets of abbreviated letters, but we need not count this Sura twice. If we take half of the alphabet, omitting the fraction, we get 14, and this is the number of letters that occur in the Muqatta'at. The 14 letters, which occur in various combinations, are the followings:
4
تا
3
the
the mythief of Darkness es it
And from the
In Allah's created work by being who have
and those of evil to dark there we should costal
S
ว
ن
و
a
N
ر
س
same initio
Allah pierces duough
and off
boob fortf
6287 The darknes
The science of phonetics tells us that our vocal sounds arise from the expulsion of air from the lungs, and the sounds are determined by how the breath passes through the various organs of speech, e.g., the throat (guttural), or the various positions of the tongue to the middle or front of the palate or the teeth, or the play of the lips. Every one of these kinds of sounds is represented in these letters. Let us now examine the combinations. Three of these letters occur alone, prefixed each to
only one Sura. The letters and Suras are as follows:
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THE HOLY QUR'AN
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